Numeric data types
Python is a dynamically typed language. The interpreter infers the data type of a value based on pre-determined rules. In the previous chapter, string values were coded using single quotes around a sequence of characters. Similarly, there are rules by which you can declare different numeric data types.
int
Integer numbers are made up of digits 0 to 9 and can be prefixed with unary operators like + or -. There is no restriction to the size of numbers that can be used, only limited by the memory available on your system. Here are some examples:
>>> 42
42
>>> 0
0
>>> +100
100
>>> -5
-5
For readability purposes, you can use underscores in between the digits.
>>> 1_000_000_000
1000000000
Underscore cannot be used as the first or last character, and cannot be used consecutively.
float
Here are some examples for floating-point numbers.
>>> 3.14
3.14
>>> -1.12
-1.12
Python also supports the exponential notation. See wikipedia: E scientific notation for details about this form of expressing numbers.
>>> 543.15e20
5.4315e+22
>>> 1.5e-5
1.5e-05
Unlike integers, floating-point numbers have a limited precision. While displaying very small or very large floating-point numbers, Python will automatically convert them to the exponential notation.
>>> 0.0000000001234567890123456789
1.2345678901234568e-10
>>> 31415926535897935809629384623048923.649234324234
3.1415926535897936e+34
You might also get seemingly strange results as shown below. See docs.python: Floating Point Arithmetic Issues and Limitations, stackoverflow: Is floating point math broken? and Examples of floating point problems for details and workarounds.
>>> 3.14 + 2 5.140000000000001
Arithmetic operators
All arithmetic operators you'd typically expect are available. If any operand is a floating-point number, result will be of float data type. Use + for addition, - for subtraction, * for multiplication and ** for exponentiation. As mentioned before, REPL is quite useful for learning purposes. It makes for a good calculator for number crunching. You can also use _ to refer to the result of the previous expression (this is applicable only in the REPL, not in Python scripts).
>>> 25 + 17
42
>>> 10 - 8
2
>>> 25 * 3.3
82.5
>>> 32 ** 42
1645504557321206042154969182557350504982735865633579863348609024
>>> 5 + 2
7
>>> _ * 3
21
There are two operators for division. Use / if you want a floating-point result. Using // between two integers will give only the integer portion of the result (no rounding).
>>> 4.5 / 1.5
3.0
>>> 5 / 3
1.6666666666666667
>>> 5 // 3
1
Use the modulo operator % to get the remainder. Sign of the result is same as the sign of the second operand.
>>> 5 % 3
2
>>> -5 % 3
1
>>> 5 % -3
-1
>>> 6.5 % -3
-2.5
Operator precedence
Arithmetic operator precedence follows the familiar PEMDAS or BODMAS abbreviations. Precedence, higher to lower is listed below:
- Expression inside parentheses
- exponentiation
- multiplication, division, modulo
- addition, subtraction
Expression is evaluated left-to-right when operators have the same precedence. Unary operator precedence is between exponentiation and multiplication/division operators. See docs.python: Operator precedence for complete details.
Integer formats
The integer examples so far have been coded using base 10, also known as the decimal format. Python has provision for representing binary, octal and hexadecimal formats as well. To distinguish between these different formats, a prefix is used:
0bor0Bfor binary0oor0Ofor octal0xor0Xfor hexadecimal
All of these four formats fall under the int data type. Python displays them in decimal format by default. Underscores can be used for readability for any of these formats.
>>> 0b1000_1111
143
>>> 0o10
8
>>> 0x10
16
>>> 5 + 0xa
15
Decimal format numbers cannot be prefixed by 0, other than 0 itself.
>>> 00000
0
>>> 09
File "<python-input-1>", line 1
09
^
SyntaxError: leading zeros in decimal integer literals are not permitted;
use an 0o prefix for octal integers
If code execution hits a snag, you'll get an error message along with the code snippet that the interpreter thinks caused the issue. In Python parlance, an exception has occurred. The exception has a name (SyntaxError in the above example) followed by the error message. See the Exception handling chapter for more details.
Other numeric types
Python's standard data type also includes complex type (imaginary part is suffixed with the character j). Others like decimal and fractions are provided as modules.
e,b,j, etc in their values. Which implies that you cannot use variable names beginning with a number. Otherwise, it would be impossible to evaluate an expression likeresult = input_value + 0x12 - 2j.